Residential Wheelchair Ramp Code

Ensure safety and compliance with residential wheelchair ramp codes. Explore ADA ramp specifications and local regulations for accessible, practical ramp configuration.

For many homeowners, a wheelchair ramp is more than just a convenience; it is a gateway to independence and the ability to age in place comfortably. However, building a ramp isn't as simple as nailing a few boards together over some stairs. To ensure the safety of the user and the value of the home, you should adhere to specific building codes.

While the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) strictly regulates ramps in public and commercial spaces, residential codes can be typically more lenient. However, most contractors and building inspectors use ADA standards as the "gold standard" for safety. Understanding these requirements is critical to avoiding costly rebuilds and, more importantly, preventing accidents.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides a set of guidelines for wheelchair ramps.

Although the ADA primarily applies to public spaces, many of its specifications are recommended for residential ramps to enhance accessibility.

• Slope and Rise: The ADA recommends a 1:12 slope ratio, meaning for every inch of rise, there should be at least 12 inches (or 1 foot) of ramp run. This ensures the ramp is not too steep, making it easier and safer to use.
• Width: The minimum width of a ramp should be 36 inches between handrails, allowing adequate space for a wheelchair to navigate comfortably.
• Landings: Ramps should have level landings at the top and bottom, and if the ramp changes direction, intermediate landings are necessary. Each landing should be at least 60 inches long to provide adequate space for maneuvering.
• Handrails: Handrails are crucial for safety. They should be installed on both sides of the ramp if the rise is greater than 6 inches. The handrails should be between 34 and 38 inches above the ramp surface. The handrails should be continuous and smooth, with no sharp edges that could snag clothing or cut skin.

Aside from ADA guidelines, there may be local building codes and regulations you need to follow.

These can vary depending on your location, so checking with your local building authority is essential before construction.

• Permits: Some areas require a building permit for ramp construction. Verify with your local authorities to ensure compliance.
• Materials: The materials used should be durable and slip-resistant. Common choices include treated wood, aluminum, and concrete.
• Maintenance: Regular maintenance checks are vital to ensure the ramp remains safe and functional. Look for signs of wear and tear, such as loose handrails or slippery surfaces.

When planning your ramp, consider the available space and how the ramp will integrate with the existing structure. The layout should provide easy access to entrances and exits without obstructing pathways or other elements of your home.

While functionality is crucial, aesthetics should not be overlooked. A well-designed ramp can complement the architecture of your home. Consider using materials and finishes that match your home’s exterior to create a cohesive look.

Portable Wheelchair Ramps

Portable ramps are designed to be easy to fold and to move. They normally do not need to meet any building codes, since they are temporary. However, it is important to use them at a safe slope.

• Use a ramp that is suitable for the rise (height) you need.  See our Ramp Wizard for ramp slope calculations.
• Check your equipments manual for slope restrictions and always stay within their guidelines.

Surface Materials and Traction

A ramp that becomes a slip-and-slide when it rains is a major liability. The International Residential Code (IRC) requires ramp surfaces to be slip-resistant. Below we explore the pros and cons of each of the most common materials.

• Wood Ramps: Requires non-slip paint, grit tape, or spaced decking to allow water drainage.
• Pros:
• Initial lower cost.
• Flexible Designs
• Cons:
• May not meet Code - Depends on the contractor
• Limited Lifespan and Costly Regular Maintenance
• Splinters and other safety issues
• Looks old fashioned
• Very Slippery when wet - without special surface enhancements
• Typically Requires Concrete footers
• Aluminum Ramps: Comes with a pre-textured, grooved non-skid surface.
• Pros:
• Engineered to meet Residential Wheelchair Ramp Code
• Very Durable and Virtually Maintenance Free
• Will not Rot or Rust
• Clean modern appearance
• Cons:
• Limited Color Options
• Concrete: Should be finished with a texture surface for grip.
• Pros:
• Very Durable and Virtually Maintenance Free
• Concrete Will not Rust
• Cons:
• Much more costly
• Extensive Permitting
• Finding and installing handrails may be problematic
• May crack or deteriorate in winter weather or coastal climates